When could a witness provide evidence in court after passing away?

A witness can provide evidence in court after passing away through the concept of "previous testimony," typically in the context of a trial that has already occurred. This is particularly relevant when the witness has provided a recorded statement or testimony at a previous trial concerning the same charge. Such statements can be admissible as evidence under specific legal frameworks, such as the doctrine of former testimony, which allows for the introduction of a deceased witness's prior statements as long as certain conditions are met, including that the parties involved had a similar motive to cross-examine the witness during the original trial.

In contrast, the other options do not generally support the admission of a deceased person's testimony. Sentencing does not involve new evidence but focuses on the determinations of consequences for those found guilty. Appeals rely on the record from the original trial; new evidence introduced is rare and usually not permitted. Lastly, in civil cases, while certain hearsay exceptions exist, the focus on prior testimony from deceased witnesses is usually treated differently than in criminal cases.